Medical Advancements Caused By The Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1036 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Whether you are one to believe that the Civil War started with the brush ups between Kansas and Missouri, or South Carolina seceding from the union of states, something we do know that started are the practices what we regard today as triage and ambulatory services, aseptic surgery, and postoperative wound care. Triage and Ambulatory Services The battle of Bull Run is recognized as the first official battle of the Civil War. Initially civilians or regiment members were assigned in getting the wounded off the field and to medical care. This did not go well. Ambulances were driven by civilians who fled when the first shots were fired. If they left the ambulances behind, healthy soldiers stole them to flee back to Washington, DC. Not a single wounded soldier returned to Washington, DC, in an ambulance (10). Tragically, wounded soldiers remained on the battlefield for days, the first two spent in the rain. Incredibly, Surgeon General Finley did not order medical supplies until after the battle was over. (Reilly, 2016) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Medical Advancements Caused By The Civil War" essay for you Create order The following year in July, Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac, Major Jonathan Letterman in just six weeks, before the battle of Antietam, revolutionized the Army Medical Corp. The three-tiered system he began is still very similar to how we treat emergency patients today. First, surgeons near the front made the initial assessment and treatment, including tourniquets, morphine, and water or whiskey. Then, it was decided who could be saved, and who had fatal injuries; finally, ambulances at collection points transported the wounded to field hospitals in nearby buildings, and those with more severe injuries to general hospitals. (Liebig, Tremblay, Soballe, Ignacio, 2016) There were 71 Union field hospitals at the time of Antietam, by the end of the war about 400. Standards of care were elevated, and training was becoming standardized. It was far from aseptic, but it was better than the Bull Run. Aseptic Surgery and Postoperative Wound Care Before we get too far into surgery, it must be mentioned that hygiene in army camps was atrocious. Major Letterman had also implemented standards of hygiene and health that drastically cut sicknesses and disease throughout the Army. The use of chloroform as an anesthetic had been around since the 1840s, this gave a surgeon the time he needed to his work. Prewar there were 113 doctors in the army. At the start of the war, 24 went south and 3 had defected. At the end of the war, there were over 12,000 doctors in the Union Army and over 3000 in the Confederate Army. Before the war, the largest military hospital was at Fort Leavenworth, with 40 beds. The only hospital in Washington, DC, before the war was a two-story six-room building used to isolate smallpox patients. (Reilly, 2016) Three of four surgeries were amputations. Each amputation took around 5 minutes. Chloroform was administered, the surgeon would take his scalpel and make an incision through the muscle and skin down to the bone. He would make incisions both above and below, leaving a flap of skin on one side. Taking his bone saw, he would saw through the bone until it was severed. He would then toss it into the growing pile of limbs. The operator would then tie off the arteries with either horsehair, silk, or cotton threads. The surgeon would scrape the end and edges of the bone smooth, so that they would not work back through the skin. The flap of skin left by the surgeon would be pulled across and sewed close, leaving a drainage hole. The stump would be covered perhaps with isinglass plaster and bandaged. Infections were rampant in dirty field hospital tents. ((Goellnitz)emphasis added) During the war documentation was difficult and knowledge spread slowly. When word spread of Major Lettermans advancements in regimental health other practices were experimented and allowed. Prewar amputation mortality was above 60%, sometimes into the 70%s. By the end it was down to about 25%. Dirty tents, too close to the front lines, dirty doctors, dirty instruments and sponges were exchanged for field hospitals in homes or barns out of firing range with controlled traffic, tools were washed, new sponges/rags or used ones, at least, laundered clean, all pioneered at the time. Surgery done within 24 hours of injury proved better mortality than waiting days, from any doctor amputating to becoming a specialty where only 1 in 15 physicians were authorized to amputate. Experiments in bandage changing, soaking them in bromine, mixing plasters and poultices for infection control and patient isolation became normal practice after the lessons learned in battlefield medicine. Unfortunately, it wasnt until Listers paper on antiseptic principles in 1867 that many of these practices were standardized. Each one of these subjects can be a paper unto its own. When tied together one can see a bigger picture, that even in the bedlam of war and misery, great things can be accomplished. Other notable advancements caused by Civil War surgery are; safe use of anesthetics, the beginnings of neurosurgery, development of arterial ligation, and plastic surgery. It was said War is the only proper school for the surgeon. Thankfully because of the horrors of the Civil War we ended up with thousands of trained doctors attending at hundreds of hospitals and surgical practices that often surpassed Europe in reduced mortality rates and postoperative infection. We stand upon the shoulders of men and women that gave their lives and bodies to the practice of medicine in those years. Let us honor them by continuing good surgical conscience and aseptic principles. References Goellnitz, J. (n.d.). eHistory. Retrieved from Ohio State University: https://ehistory.osu.edu/exhibitions/cwsurgeon/cwsurgeon/amputations Grabowski, Amelia. (n.d.). National Museum of Civil War Medicine. Retrieved from Quick Facts: https://www.civilwarmed.org/quick-facts/letterman/ Liebig, J., Tremblay, L., Soballe, P., Ignacio, R. (2016). Major Jonathan Letterman: Unsung war hero and father of modern battlefield medicine. American College of Surgeons, 21-25. Retrieved from https://www.facs.org/~/media/files/archives/shg%20poster/2016/04_letterman.ashx Reilly, R. (2016, April). Medical and surgical care during the American Civil War, 1861-1865. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center), 138-42. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4790547/ Rowe, C. (2015, January 9). Five Medical Innovations of the Cival War. Retrieved 11 20, 2018, from Mental Floss: https://mentalfloss.com/article/31326/5-medical-innovations-civil-war

Restraint Essay - 937 Words

Restraint nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Restraint is a major idea in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Restraint constantly influences the decisions people make. Kurtz’s lack of restraint kills him, while Marlow’s restraint saves and prevents him from becoming like Kurtz. Kurtz is a man who â€Å"[kicks] himself loose of the earth† (Conrad, 61). He does not have allegiance to anyone except to himself. Kurtz’s absence of restraint exists because he holds a lusty power in an un-civilized country. Restraint is affected by three factors; power, lust, and his surroundings. Kurtz’s display of restraint is a prime example that exemplifies the affect of these three factors on restraint. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Kurtz was not always the power†¦show more content†¦He discovers many villages and goes to them with â€Å"thunder and lightning† (Conrad, 51). He uses guns in order to frighten the natives. Through fear, the natives grew to worship Kurtz. He becomes leader of the villages; a deity. Unlike most foreigners, he does not have to adjust to his surroundings. Instead, the natives had to adapt to him. Kurtz exercises his power by conquering additional villages and even by executing people. â€Å"Exterminate all the brutes† (Conrad, 46)! Kurtz eliminates rebels who get in his way. He slices off their heads and then displays them outside of his house. This serves as a warning to his people to not betray him. In a sense, Kurtz is at the top of the food chain. He has great power and uses it without restraint to satisfy his desires. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After raiding villages and obtaining followers, Kurtz becomes very power hungry. He enjoys having power; compiling ivory and having worshipers. He abuses his power without restraint. He has tried to return to the Central Station; however, his lust for power disables him from returning. 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Re: Napier Proteins Ltd – Enforceability of Restraint of Trade Provision. Date: 1st May 2017. Napier Proteins Ltd, our client, wants to stop the operation of Wanganui Byproducts Ltd. You have asked me to review a restraint of trade provision in John’s employment agreement with Napier Proteins Ltd (Proteins) and the ability to enforce it against Wanganui Byproducts Ltd (Byproducts). The issues relating to the use of confidential information willRead MoreSpecial Education: Should Restraints or Seclusion Be Applied on Individuals with Disabilities1048 Words   |  5 Pagesphysical restraint with children in clinical settings, but in recent years, restraints and seclusion had become more commonly used in schools, particularly with students with emotional, and behavioral disorders (Ryan, Peterson, 2004). 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Rhetorical Analysis Of `` What The Hell Is Water `` By...

Famed American author David Foster Wallace gave a commencement speech to Kenyon College’s graduating class of 2005. Most commencement speeches focus on graduates’ accomplishments as well as give general life advice. Wallace’s presentation follows this pattern at first, congratulating the students on getting their diplomas. However, most of his speech is dedicated to the idea of thinking beyond ourselves. Throughout the speech, Wallace argues we should live with empathy through his use of humor and appeals to the audience’s empathy. The introduction quickly introduces the humorous tone found throughout the piece with his use of anecdotes. In the opening anecdote, two young fish fail to recognize that they are surrounded by water. By juxtaposing the academic setting with the fish exclaiming â€Å"what the hell is water?† the speaker creates humor with the fish’s unexpected colloquialism. Furthermore, Wallace connects the irony of the fish anecd ote with the that of most adults, who are unable to see what really matters in life just as the fish can not see the water that encompasses them. The speaker follows this story with another about an atheist and a theist arguing about the existence of God. By refusing to see the other’s perspective, Wallace shows the humor in their rigid belief systems. The speaker also pokes fun at his liberal arts audience by asking why they accept both men’s position without questioning their rationale for doing so. By doing so, Wallace displays audienceShow MoreRelatedEssay about Wallace Rhetorical Analysis1393 Words   |  6 PagesA Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"This is Water† If one were to try to imagine a world without air, then it would certainly be very different than the world as humans know it. Since air is essential to the livelihood of most life on Earth, it could be considered an â€Å"important reality.† In David Foster Wallace’s commencement speech, â€Å"This is Water† to the 2005 graduating class of Kenyon College, Wallace states that â€Å"the most obvious, ubiquitous, important realities are often the ones that are the hardestRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesOrganizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam

Like Water for Chocolate free essay sample

The movie and book Like Water for Chocolate have a lot of comparisons but also dramatized scenes. Even though both movie and book give the same theme they also have different styles to approaching the theme. With different approaches to the moral of the story they differentiate in how they get it across to the viewer. Food in this story shows how Tita deals with her happiness and sadness. She makes people depressed with a wedding cake and makes people hot and love when she makes quail with rose pedals. Food is something that people can express emotion no matter what they make. In the movie Like Water for Chocolate the beginning of the movie it starts out being told by a narrator. Then it goes into it being told as it happens by Tita. I enjoyed the movie just as much as the book but I did like the dramatic scenes of the movie because it gave the viewers an idea of how things were in this time era more then it does in the book. We will write a custom essay sample on Like Water for Chocolate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sometimes a good dramatic movie is worth seeing because you get intricate with it. In the book, the scenes that are dramatized in the movie are not dramatized in the book because it is harder to make something seem bigger than it is while reading it. The book however put things in perspective of when it took place, by naming the chapters after the months that everything was happening unlike the movie where everything clashed together as a whole time line of events. The things you see or think about in a book are not the images that the author wants to you see in perspective but the way you read the words is how you see it. Putting both movie and book in perspective and after reading the book and watching movie I can say I enjoyed both. I do like the movie better however because it did give more dramatic scenes and story line then the book. I like how in the movie Tita was portrayed as this much lovelier woman then her sister who married her boyfriend when she was younger. With this controversy you see much more in the movie then the book in my eyes. In retrospect both show the roles of women and men and how they are supposed to act in the society and family household. Women in the family were to cook, clean and take care of the family while the men were out working, bringing home money for the family. It is hard to see this in both however because Tita’s father died and Pedro you don’t see doing this as much as he probably should in both movie and book. In the book, I can argue that when Tita was little she was in the kitchen with Nacha learning how to cook and prep the food for different occasions. She wanted her sister in there and have fun. â€Å"Tita managed to convince them to join her in watching the dazzling display made by dancing water drops dibbled on a red hot griddle†¦Rosaura was cowering in the corner, stunned by the display. Gertudis, on the other hand, found this game enticing†¦threw herself and showed her rhythm. Rosaura tried to join then†¦Rosaura resisted Tita trying to move her hands closer to the griddle†¦. Tita got spanked for that and was forbidden to let her sisters come in to her world of the kitchen† (Esquirel pg. 8). This whole scene in the book was in the first chapter, where as the scene in the movie was a short intricate of what happened in the kitchen. The scene in the movie was just when they were younger and Tita and Gertudis were throwing water onto the griddle, laughing and having fun. Another scene in the movie and book that are very separate and different is when Tita and Nacha were getting the ingredients for the cake they had to make for her sisters wedding. In the book in the month of February it talks about how Tita and Nacha were making marmalade for the filling of the cake. In this chapter it is talked about how to prepare it, cook it and put it in the cake. â€Å"Nacha and Tita had made several jars of preserves apricot, fig, and camote with pineapple- the month before the wedding†¦ Spared the task of making the marmalade the same day as the cake† (pg. 31). The book then goes on to talk about how to cook the marmalade and then also what Tita and Nacha have to do in order to cook it perfectly and not get burned by the fire. They also talk about how the smell of the aroma fills the kitchen and the smell of the apricots is sweet and revising. In the movie, they show nothing about the marmalade being made or cooked. The only scene in the movie about the preparation of the wedding cake is when Tita and Nacha are prepping the batter for the cake. Tita cries into the cake because she is sad about the wedding, it should have been her being married not making the cake for it. These are only two differences that the movie and book have in comparison to the story. There are many other differences that could be talked about that are major to the story but I like this two the best because they represent Tita’s life and what she did for her family. Many other sections of the book are not portrayed in the movie and in reality we cant get the entire aspect of the life of this family in the movie, like we can get while reading the book. After reading the book and after watching the movie we can kind of get an understanding of how family traditions were really important to these families during this time era especially in other countries. In the Tita’s family the family tradition was that the youngest daughter was to never get married because she would have to take care of her mother until the day she died. That is why Pedro had to marry Rosaura and not Tita; even though he didn’t love her he loved Tita. Sometimes we depict the life of those in other countries as wanting us to be like us because we don’t want to see people in poverty or as being stricter then how they should be. After reading the book and watching this movie the similarities and differences that are depicted throughout the story line. This story line is very dramatic and I like dramatic scenes because it shows more about it then it would if it sometimes it wasn’t over dramatic. I enjoyed the end of the movie better because it showed that Pedro and Tita still loved each other until the end of the movie. They proved that no matter what happens in their life they will wind up being together at the end. They die because of their love affair.