Improving Safety Measures in the Sri Lankan Construction Industry Essay Example For Students

Improving Safety Measures in the Sri Lankan Construction Industry Essay Development industry is one of the universe taking businesses today which other than contributes towards the country’s economony and work power is one of the central parts in the structure business. Development has been producing for mature ages yet there are a few occupations which has emerged with it. Today the structure business in Sri Lanka faces a bunch of difficulties keeping the security and wellbeing of a structure site. In the event that this health and wellbeing are non controlled appropriately because of the mishaps caused it will other than sway the business as it is lost clasp, cost and assets. Control of danger and peril are increasingly harder as the status of a site differs from a site to another site due to using overwhelming apparatus hardware, the majority of the clasp it occurs because of miss of understanding and without holding appropriate achievement information, for example, holding unfit specialists. ( Allan and John, 2005 ) Accidents in building can o ccur because of numerous grounds as site and conditions, device harms ( non using security instruments ) , cut power per unit region and damages and expires because of tumbling from highs. Mishaps at a site can other than incorporate damages and perishes as COSHH dangers, suffocation, Burnss, consuming, poisonous synthetics and presentation to asbestos, introduction to substance, ergonomic and natural variables and explosions. ( John p.s,2011 ) Around the Earth, at regular intervals, a specialist passes on from a business related mishap or illness and at regular intervals, 151 laborers have a business related mishap. The International Labor Organization ( ILO ) gauges that more than 2,000,000 individuals bite the dust yearly from business related sicknesses and 321,000 individuals kick the bucket every twelvemonth from word related mishaps. Madurawala ( 2013 ) Development laborers have picked up the most dark damages and have the most elevated figure of specialist harms in any industry. Fitting to Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) of Sri Lanka as the structure business is turning at an expanding rate the figure of deadly mishaps are other than expanding at a higher rate than that. Halwathura and Jayathunga ( 2013 ) Hence this obviously implies however the structure is turning rapidly less going to is paid towards the health and wellbeing of a structure site. Human services support, developing purifying and care, travel and stuff moving, and building and extraction businesss are exceptionally at risk of pre-winter harms, Mudugamuwa ( 2012 ) The structure business is recognized as a perilous work which make a larger number of dangers than some other industry ( Brace and Gibb, 2005 ) . The obligations of each one at work are Health A ; Safety ( H A ; S ) Davies and Thomasine ( 1990 ) Due to the neglection of wellbeing at a site awful health conditions, mishaps and loss of productiveness happens. The structure company’s heading ought to do sure that they are answerable for directing and bettering the employments identified with H A ; S on destinations. Hubbard ( 1986 ) focused on the significance of wellbeing callings at locales in the structure business and how these callings could chop down the site mishaps. Moreover, Abdelhamid and Everett ( 1998 ) , Everret and Pathan ( 1998 ) and Hinze ( 1998 ) examined the cardinal reasons for building site harms and acciddents. Similarly, the mishaps and reasons for the mishaps beginning at locales and how these mishaps can be decreased to the full were analyzed by Bowen and Hindle ( 1999 ) In request to expand the structure advertise with a mishap free condition the Health and Safety Strategy, 2004-2010 territories that the peril of the endeavors must be diminished and the endeavor quality must be overseen acceptably. Development industry is a sensibly unsafe work. In 1996, 350,000 representatives were harmed and 1000 different workers while working lost their lives, it was accounted for by the National Safety Council. It was definite that in building 5 % were of the United States work power, 9 % were handicapped and 20 % were worker disasters. .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 , .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .postImageUrl , .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 , .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:hover , .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:visited , .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:active { border:0!important; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:active , .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c653 90fb42c9b3c576 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u7f99189f3fd1d0c65390fb42c9b3c576:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Gay Marriage EssayAnalyzing the mishap records, arranging the most natural way the mishaps go on were uncovered by an investigation of the exploration on building wellbeing ( Fullman 1984 ; Goldsmith 1987 ; Culver et Al. 1990, 1992 ; Davies and Tomasin 1990 ; La Bette 1990 ; MacCollum 1990 ; Rietze 1990 ; Helander 1991 ; Peyton and Rubio 1991 ; Hinze 1997 ) . From the above examination they found of import data sing the structure mishaps furthermore found the sort of the most dangerous mishaps that occur inside the structure business. Most dangerous mishaps were accounted for because of the tumbling from highs Culver et Al. ( 1990 ) â€Å"Developers and their contractual workers parcel a similar finish of completing the process of undertaking on cut, inside spending plan and to accomplish a quality and standard palatable to both sides.† Construction Site security enchiridion ( 2005 ) It is our declaration to happen the significant reasons for the mishaps made more than looking for prevent mishaps by our exploration surveies. Mishap inclusion is an office to a terminal, non a terminal in itself. Earthy colored ( 1995 ) Besides the answers for the tests done at site mishaps ought to reveal â€Å"what† and â€Å"how† they happen to get a correct idea of the reason for mishap. Thusly mishap bar can be reinforced in the event that it is forestalled by happening the underlying driver. Reason The central reason for this exploration is to recognize and discuss the varying sorts of building mishaps which occur in Sri Lanka and to do the associations mindful of bettering the security steps. What's more to limit the figure of mishaps go oning every twenty-four hours more than looking to hinder the mishaps all in all. What's more, to boot to raise up the rules of security strategies at building enterprises. English standards foundation, BS EN 60825, radiation, security of optical maser stocks, BSI, London English standards foundation, ( 2005 ) , PD 5304 ; 2005, counsel on safe hardware, BSI, London English standards foundation, ( 1981 ) , BS 6031, codification of example for earthworks, BSI London BS 2482, detail for blunder platforms sheets, British measures foundation, London BS5973, codification of example for course and working platforms and specific framework developments in steel, British measures foundation, London building ( Design and course ) statute, ( 2007 ) , the letter paper office, London Building site security enchiridion ( 2005 ) . The Real Estate Developers Association of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Construction Association. Davies V.J and Tomasin, K. ( 1990 ) , Construction Safety Hand Book, Thomsan Telford Ltd, Thomsan Telford House, Heron Quay, London. Halwathura, R.U and Jayatunga T.L ( 2013 ) , Heath and security features in developing structure industry in Sri Lanka. .Division of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa. Last got to day of the month 2013 at: hypertext move convention:/dl.lib.mrt.ac.lk/handle/123/9056 MADURAWALA, Sunimalee ( 2013 ) . Diing to work? Why health and wellbeing in work environment an of import financial issue. . Day by day Mirror, in importance, Wijeya Newspapers Ltd 2012. Last got to 5ThursdayOctober 2014 at: hypertext move convention:/www.dailymirror.lk/business/highlights/36948-kicking the bucket to-work-why-wellbeing and-security in-work environment a significant financial issue.html Mudugamuwa, Maheesha ( 2012 ) .Work related mishaps: Construction, manufacturing segments most perilous segments. .Sunday Island,7 May. Last got to 5 October 2014 at: hypertext move convention:/island.lk/index.php? page_cat=article-subtleties am

Cyber War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Digital War - Essay Example This is sealing to be a danger in 21st century. In any case, there is one genuine danger of digital war. This danger is an assault of the PC frameworks by the malware (Gartzke, 2012). This is on the grounds that it can disable a nation framework with an organized move. This implies the essential areas of the economy will neglect to perform, and this can prompt exceptional misfortune. For instance, if the digital hoodlums assault power plants, the entire country could be dove into haziness (Gartzke, 2012). This mean the majority of the nations can stay in a place that was there 200 years prior. This can deaden a nation before the issue is amended. Enormous measure of assets should be assembled to determine the danger. As indicated by my reasoning, the principal nation to set up an enormous scope digital hostile will be South Korea. This is on the grounds that the nation is vigorously reliant on the web. Truth be told, for all intents and purposes all areas of the economy rely upon the most recent innovative progressions. North Korea, then again, has little to lose, as it is less reliant on the innovation (Gartzke,

Workshops In Development Practice COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Workshops In Development Practice COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Workshops are an integral part of academic and professional development at SIPA.   Workshops are group projects completed with an outside client.   At the end of each year student workshop groups participate in public presentations where they share the results of their hard work.   Information on these workshops and reports from previous years can be found on our web site.   Below is the invitation that went out this year. _________________ This year, the student teams in SIPA’s Workshop in Development Practice have been working this with clients in over twenty countries on innovative projects involving the intersection of international development with human rights, corporate social responsibility, humanitarian affairs, media, international trade, entrepreneurship and private sector development. The Workshop in Development Practice is co-sponsored by the Economic and Political Development, Human Rights, and International Finance and Economic Policy Concentrations, the International Media, Advocacy and Communications Specialization, and the Humanitarian Affairs and UN Studies Programs.     This year’s Workshop clients include Acumen Fund (India), Bihar Rural Livelihood Promotion Society (India), Catholic Relief Services (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Endeavor (Chile), Family Health International (Ethiopia), Initiative for Policy Dialogue (Ghana, Nigeria Uganda) Institute for Research and Debate on Governance (Cameroon), Instituto Palmas (Brazil), International Trade Centre (Peru Sri Lanka), Jitegemee (Kenya), Millennium Challenge Corporation (Ghana Morocco), Millennium Cities Initiative (Nigeria), PepsiCo South American Foods (Venezuela), UN Iraq Information Analysis Unit (Jordan),UN Peacebuilding Fund (Comoros), UNDP (NYC), UNICEF (Malawi), University of São Paulo working with Alcoa Brazil (Brazil), Women’s Political Resource Center (Georgia), and Women’s Refugee Commission (Liberia). To view the program in PDF format, click here.

Medical Advancements Caused By The Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1036 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Whether you are one to believe that the Civil War started with the brush ups between Kansas and Missouri, or South Carolina seceding from the union of states, something we do know that started are the practices what we regard today as triage and ambulatory services, aseptic surgery, and postoperative wound care. Triage and Ambulatory Services The battle of Bull Run is recognized as the first official battle of the Civil War. Initially civilians or regiment members were assigned in getting the wounded off the field and to medical care. This did not go well. Ambulances were driven by civilians who fled when the first shots were fired. If they left the ambulances behind, healthy soldiers stole them to flee back to Washington, DC. Not a single wounded soldier returned to Washington, DC, in an ambulance (10). Tragically, wounded soldiers remained on the battlefield for days, the first two spent in the rain. Incredibly, Surgeon General Finley did not order medical supplies until after the battle was over. (Reilly, 2016) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Medical Advancements Caused By The Civil War" essay for you Create order The following year in July, Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac, Major Jonathan Letterman in just six weeks, before the battle of Antietam, revolutionized the Army Medical Corp. The three-tiered system he began is still very similar to how we treat emergency patients today. First, surgeons near the front made the initial assessment and treatment, including tourniquets, morphine, and water or whiskey. Then, it was decided who could be saved, and who had fatal injuries; finally, ambulances at collection points transported the wounded to field hospitals in nearby buildings, and those with more severe injuries to general hospitals. (Liebig, Tremblay, Soballe, Ignacio, 2016) There were 71 Union field hospitals at the time of Antietam, by the end of the war about 400. Standards of care were elevated, and training was becoming standardized. It was far from aseptic, but it was better than the Bull Run. Aseptic Surgery and Postoperative Wound Care Before we get too far into surgery, it must be mentioned that hygiene in army camps was atrocious. Major Letterman had also implemented standards of hygiene and health that drastically cut sicknesses and disease throughout the Army. The use of chloroform as an anesthetic had been around since the 1840s, this gave a surgeon the time he needed to his work. Prewar there were 113 doctors in the army. At the start of the war, 24 went south and 3 had defected. At the end of the war, there were over 12,000 doctors in the Union Army and over 3000 in the Confederate Army. Before the war, the largest military hospital was at Fort Leavenworth, with 40 beds. The only hospital in Washington, DC, before the war was a two-story six-room building used to isolate smallpox patients. (Reilly, 2016) Three of four surgeries were amputations. Each amputation took around 5 minutes. Chloroform was administered, the surgeon would take his scalpel and make an incision through the muscle and skin down to the bone. He would make incisions both above and below, leaving a flap of skin on one side. Taking his bone saw, he would saw through the bone until it was severed. He would then toss it into the growing pile of limbs. The operator would then tie off the arteries with either horsehair, silk, or cotton threads. The surgeon would scrape the end and edges of the bone smooth, so that they would not work back through the skin. The flap of skin left by the surgeon would be pulled across and sewed close, leaving a drainage hole. The stump would be covered perhaps with isinglass plaster and bandaged. Infections were rampant in dirty field hospital tents. ((Goellnitz)emphasis added) During the war documentation was difficult and knowledge spread slowly. When word spread of Major Lettermans advancements in regimental health other practices were experimented and allowed. Prewar amputation mortality was above 60%, sometimes into the 70%s. By the end it was down to about 25%. Dirty tents, too close to the front lines, dirty doctors, dirty instruments and sponges were exchanged for field hospitals in homes or barns out of firing range with controlled traffic, tools were washed, new sponges/rags or used ones, at least, laundered clean, all pioneered at the time. Surgery done within 24 hours of injury proved better mortality than waiting days, from any doctor amputating to becoming a specialty where only 1 in 15 physicians were authorized to amputate. Experiments in bandage changing, soaking them in bromine, mixing plasters and poultices for infection control and patient isolation became normal practice after the lessons learned in battlefield medicine. Unfortunately, it wasnt until Listers paper on antiseptic principles in 1867 that many of these practices were standardized. Each one of these subjects can be a paper unto its own. When tied together one can see a bigger picture, that even in the bedlam of war and misery, great things can be accomplished. Other notable advancements caused by Civil War surgery are; safe use of anesthetics, the beginnings of neurosurgery, development of arterial ligation, and plastic surgery. It was said War is the only proper school for the surgeon. Thankfully because of the horrors of the Civil War we ended up with thousands of trained doctors attending at hundreds of hospitals and surgical practices that often surpassed Europe in reduced mortality rates and postoperative infection. We stand upon the shoulders of men and women that gave their lives and bodies to the practice of medicine in those years. Let us honor them by continuing good surgical conscience and aseptic principles. References Goellnitz, J. (n.d.). eHistory. Retrieved from Ohio State University: https://ehistory.osu.edu/exhibitions/cwsurgeon/cwsurgeon/amputations Grabowski, Amelia. (n.d.). National Museum of Civil War Medicine. Retrieved from Quick Facts: https://www.civilwarmed.org/quick-facts/letterman/ Liebig, J., Tremblay, L., Soballe, P., Ignacio, R. (2016). Major Jonathan Letterman: Unsung war hero and father of modern battlefield medicine. American College of Surgeons, 21-25. Retrieved from https://www.facs.org/~/media/files/archives/shg%20poster/2016/04_letterman.ashx Reilly, R. (2016, April). Medical and surgical care during the American Civil War, 1861-1865. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center), 138-42. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4790547/ Rowe, C. (2015, January 9). Five Medical Innovations of the Cival War. Retrieved 11 20, 2018, from Mental Floss: https://mentalfloss.com/article/31326/5-medical-innovations-civil-war

Restraint Essay - 937 Words

Restraint nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Restraint is a major idea in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Restraint constantly influences the decisions people make. Kurtz’s lack of restraint kills him, while Marlow’s restraint saves and prevents him from becoming like Kurtz. Kurtz is a man who â€Å"[kicks] himself loose of the earth† (Conrad, 61). He does not have allegiance to anyone except to himself. Kurtz’s absence of restraint exists because he holds a lusty power in an un-civilized country. Restraint is affected by three factors; power, lust, and his surroundings. Kurtz’s display of restraint is a prime example that exemplifies the affect of these three factors on restraint. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Kurtz was not always the power†¦show more content†¦He discovers many villages and goes to them with â€Å"thunder and lightning† (Conrad, 51). He uses guns in order to frighten the natives. Through fear, the natives grew to worship Kurtz. He becomes leader of the villages; a deity. Unlike most foreigners, he does not have to adjust to his surroundings. Instead, the natives had to adapt to him. Kurtz exercises his power by conquering additional villages and even by executing people. â€Å"Exterminate all the brutes† (Conrad, 46)! Kurtz eliminates rebels who get in his way. He slices off their heads and then displays them outside of his house. This serves as a warning to his people to not betray him. In a sense, Kurtz is at the top of the food chain. He has great power and uses it without restraint to satisfy his desires. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After raiding villages and obtaining followers, Kurtz becomes very power hungry. He enjoys having power; compiling ivory and having worshipers. He abuses his power without restraint. He has tried to return to the Central Station; however, his lust for power disables him from returning. Kurtz had apparently intended to return himself†¦ but after coming three hundred miles, had suddenly decided to go back, which he started to do alone in a small dugout with four paddlers, leaving the half-caste to continue down the river with the ivory. (Conrad, 28) Kurtz had come down to deliver his ivory, stopped, andShow MoreRelatedPhysical Restraint Use On Elderly Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical Restraint Use on Elderly in Long-Term Care Facilities A. Introduction a. Attention Getter: i. â€Å"My interest is in the welfare of the community. I ease the way of the cripple. I am compassionate of the aged. My exultation is in the strength of mankind. I teach. I lead. I serve.† In 1920 the American Red Cross printed their creed in newspapers around the country. b. Introduce Topic: In 1987 President Ronald Reagan passed the Federal Nursing Home Reform Act. This Act, also known as the OmnibusRead MoreImplementation Of Physical Restraints And Behavioral Health1942 Words   |  8 PagesPhysical Restraints Paper Shawnte’ Hill Arkansas State University Instructor: Brenda McKinney Implementation of Physical Restraints in Behavioral Health Introduction In behavioral health nursing, using physical restraints is a very integral aspect to the overall health and well-being of patients and staff. Although this is still a very prominent and sensitive subject amongst healthcare professionals, I deemed it important that my facility implement and utilize physical restraints on ourRead MoreQuestions On Contract Agreements And The Restraints Of Trade Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesfrequently occurs in our daily life; such as contract in employment. 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These organizations have amended and aligned their regulation requirements on the use of restraints which is mainly focused on limiting its use and putting emphasis on staffRead MoreThe Utilization and Application of Restraints in Non-psychiatric Patients1003 Words   |  5 Pages The uses of physical restraints for medical purposes are valued in the patient safety and ethics by performance of evidence of best practice. According to Craven a singular definition of a restraint â€Å"any manual method, physical, or mechanical device, material, or equipment that immobilizes or reduces the ability of a patient to move his or her arms, legs, body, or head freely† (2013). By this definition we can also ru le out that orthopedic devices, dressings or bandages, or any other equipment usedRead MoreNapier Proteins Ltd : Enforceability Of Restraint Of Trade Provision1550 Words   |  7 PagesMemorandum To: Diane Westwood. From: 8701100. Re: Napier Proteins Ltd – Enforceability of Restraint of Trade Provision. Date: 1st May 2017. Napier Proteins Ltd, our client, wants to stop the operation of Wanganui Byproducts Ltd. You have asked me to review a restraint of trade provision in John’s employment agreement with Napier Proteins Ltd (Proteins) and the ability to enforce it against Wanganui Byproducts Ltd (Byproducts). The issues relating to the use of confidential information willRead MoreSpecial Education: Should Restraints or Seclusion Be Applied on Individuals with Disabilities1048 Words   |  5 Pagesphysical restraint with children in clinical settings, but in recent years, restraints and seclusion had become more commonly used in schools, particularly with students with emotional, and behavioral disorders (Ryan, Peterson, 2004). 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Rhetorical Analysis Of `` What The Hell Is Water `` By...

Famed American author David Foster Wallace gave a commencement speech to Kenyon College’s graduating class of 2005. Most commencement speeches focus on graduates’ accomplishments as well as give general life advice. Wallace’s presentation follows this pattern at first, congratulating the students on getting their diplomas. However, most of his speech is dedicated to the idea of thinking beyond ourselves. Throughout the speech, Wallace argues we should live with empathy through his use of humor and appeals to the audience’s empathy. The introduction quickly introduces the humorous tone found throughout the piece with his use of anecdotes. In the opening anecdote, two young fish fail to recognize that they are surrounded by water. By juxtaposing the academic setting with the fish exclaiming â€Å"what the hell is water?† the speaker creates humor with the fish’s unexpected colloquialism. Furthermore, Wallace connects the irony of the fish anecd ote with the that of most adults, who are unable to see what really matters in life just as the fish can not see the water that encompasses them. The speaker follows this story with another about an atheist and a theist arguing about the existence of God. By refusing to see the other’s perspective, Wallace shows the humor in their rigid belief systems. The speaker also pokes fun at his liberal arts audience by asking why they accept both men’s position without questioning their rationale for doing so. By doing so, Wallace displays audienceShow MoreRelatedEssay about Wallace Rhetorical Analysis1393 Words   |  6 PagesA Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"This is Water† If one were to try to imagine a world without air, then it would certainly be very different than the world as humans know it. Since air is essential to the livelihood of most life on Earth, it could be considered an â€Å"important reality.† In David Foster Wallace’s commencement speech, â€Å"This is Water† to the 2005 graduating class of Kenyon College, Wallace states that â€Å"the most obvious, ubiquitous, important realities are often the ones that are the hardestRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesOrganizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam

Like Water for Chocolate free essay sample

The movie and book Like Water for Chocolate have a lot of comparisons but also dramatized scenes. Even though both movie and book give the same theme they also have different styles to approaching the theme. With different approaches to the moral of the story they differentiate in how they get it across to the viewer. Food in this story shows how Tita deals with her happiness and sadness. She makes people depressed with a wedding cake and makes people hot and love when she makes quail with rose pedals. Food is something that people can express emotion no matter what they make. In the movie Like Water for Chocolate the beginning of the movie it starts out being told by a narrator. Then it goes into it being told as it happens by Tita. I enjoyed the movie just as much as the book but I did like the dramatic scenes of the movie because it gave the viewers an idea of how things were in this time era more then it does in the book. We will write a custom essay sample on Like Water for Chocolate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sometimes a good dramatic movie is worth seeing because you get intricate with it. In the book, the scenes that are dramatized in the movie are not dramatized in the book because it is harder to make something seem bigger than it is while reading it. The book however put things in perspective of when it took place, by naming the chapters after the months that everything was happening unlike the movie where everything clashed together as a whole time line of events. The things you see or think about in a book are not the images that the author wants to you see in perspective but the way you read the words is how you see it. Putting both movie and book in perspective and after reading the book and watching movie I can say I enjoyed both. I do like the movie better however because it did give more dramatic scenes and story line then the book. I like how in the movie Tita was portrayed as this much lovelier woman then her sister who married her boyfriend when she was younger. With this controversy you see much more in the movie then the book in my eyes. In retrospect both show the roles of women and men and how they are supposed to act in the society and family household. Women in the family were to cook, clean and take care of the family while the men were out working, bringing home money for the family. It is hard to see this in both however because Tita’s father died and Pedro you don’t see doing this as much as he probably should in both movie and book. In the book, I can argue that when Tita was little she was in the kitchen with Nacha learning how to cook and prep the food for different occasions. She wanted her sister in there and have fun. â€Å"Tita managed to convince them to join her in watching the dazzling display made by dancing water drops dibbled on a red hot griddle†¦Rosaura was cowering in the corner, stunned by the display. Gertudis, on the other hand, found this game enticing†¦threw herself and showed her rhythm. Rosaura tried to join then†¦Rosaura resisted Tita trying to move her hands closer to the griddle†¦. Tita got spanked for that and was forbidden to let her sisters come in to her world of the kitchen† (Esquirel pg. 8). This whole scene in the book was in the first chapter, where as the scene in the movie was a short intricate of what happened in the kitchen. The scene in the movie was just when they were younger and Tita and Gertudis were throwing water onto the griddle, laughing and having fun. Another scene in the movie and book that are very separate and different is when Tita and Nacha were getting the ingredients for the cake they had to make for her sisters wedding. In the book in the month of February it talks about how Tita and Nacha were making marmalade for the filling of the cake. In this chapter it is talked about how to prepare it, cook it and put it in the cake. â€Å"Nacha and Tita had made several jars of preserves apricot, fig, and camote with pineapple- the month before the wedding†¦ Spared the task of making the marmalade the same day as the cake† (pg. 31). The book then goes on to talk about how to cook the marmalade and then also what Tita and Nacha have to do in order to cook it perfectly and not get burned by the fire. They also talk about how the smell of the aroma fills the kitchen and the smell of the apricots is sweet and revising. In the movie, they show nothing about the marmalade being made or cooked. The only scene in the movie about the preparation of the wedding cake is when Tita and Nacha are prepping the batter for the cake. Tita cries into the cake because she is sad about the wedding, it should have been her being married not making the cake for it. These are only two differences that the movie and book have in comparison to the story. There are many other differences that could be talked about that are major to the story but I like this two the best because they represent Tita’s life and what she did for her family. Many other sections of the book are not portrayed in the movie and in reality we cant get the entire aspect of the life of this family in the movie, like we can get while reading the book. After reading the book and after watching the movie we can kind of get an understanding of how family traditions were really important to these families during this time era especially in other countries. In the Tita’s family the family tradition was that the youngest daughter was to never get married because she would have to take care of her mother until the day she died. That is why Pedro had to marry Rosaura and not Tita; even though he didn’t love her he loved Tita. Sometimes we depict the life of those in other countries as wanting us to be like us because we don’t want to see people in poverty or as being stricter then how they should be. After reading the book and watching this movie the similarities and differences that are depicted throughout the story line. This story line is very dramatic and I like dramatic scenes because it shows more about it then it would if it sometimes it wasn’t over dramatic. I enjoyed the end of the movie better because it showed that Pedro and Tita still loved each other until the end of the movie. They proved that no matter what happens in their life they will wind up being together at the end. They die because of their love affair.

Guinea is a western African co... free essay sample

Guinea is a western African country, situated on the Atlantic coast. It is surrounded by countries like Cà ´te dIvoire, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. The country is home to one of the countrys preeminent ethnic groups, the Susu, and to many smaller groups, such as the Baga, Landoma, Lele, and Mikiforà ©. Natural resources are plentiful in Guinea, the country has a large portion of the worlds bauxite reserves and significant amounts of iron, gold, and diamonds. Nonetheless, the economy is largely based on subsistence agriculture. Guinea was a part of French West Africa, the French colony until it gained independence in 1958. After independence, the West African country was successively ruled by Sà ©kou Tourà © (1958–84) and later by Lansana Contà © (1984–2008). Lansana Contà © declared power through a military coup in 1984 and ruled until 2008. During the 1990s Guinea sheltered several hundred thousand civil war refugees from neighboring Liberia and Sierra Leone, and conflicts between those countries and Guinea have continued to flare up over the refugee population. We will write a custom essay sample on Guinea is a western African co or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After the death of Contà ©, a military junta took control of the country and suspended the constitution that had been adopted in 1991. The national capital of Conakry lies on Tumbo Island and spreads up the Camayenne (Kaloum) Peninsula; it is the countrys main port. Like most African countries, there are more than thirty languages are spoken, and eight are designated as official national languages: Bassari, Guerzà ©, Kissi, Koniagui, Maninka, Peul, Susu, and Toma. In the 1960s, President Tourà © wanted to promote African cultures and languages and abolished the use of French. Schoolchildren started to be taught in local languages. President Contà © reversed this policy and restored French as the official language in 1985. Many people, especially men, speak more than one language. In Conakry, Susu is most commonly spoken on the streets and in the marketplaces, although in certain sectors Peul is more common. Elsewhere, Maninka is the preferred language of commerce. French is used in schools and in high governmental and business circles. It is easy to learn about a country and its people from the internet, but the question is, is the information online accurate enough to know about the country and its people. With the information gathered on the background and geography of Guinea, I would interview a citizen of Guinea to learn more about the country and its people: culture, language, food and their regular lifestyle in general. The interview would also provide a depth insight of life in Guinea and America from the same person but different perspectives. As an individual from Ghana, West Africa, I will go ahead and say that, the way of life of the Guineans would not be that different from that of Ghanaians and the subject may provide a similar experience as me. Most foreigners would think children in Guinea would not have anything better to do on a regular day (going to school), but according to my subject, going to school is part of the everyday life of a Guinean child. Even though there are not enough schools or sometimes schools are closed due to insufficient funds to pay the teachers, children still try to be productive. According to my subject, schools are often closed because the government does not have enough money to pay most of the teachers. Most of these school closures are caused by teacher strikes. As a person who had lived in an African country like Guinea before, I know a few things about strikes. Most strikes that occurs in African countries are mainly in like two fields; health and education. In the case of my subject, it is education. The strikes in education are usually at the lower levels; elementary school, junior high and sometimes high school. Teachers get tired of waiting for the government to pay them for months and sometimes when the government decides to pay them, the government fails to pay them in full. Similar situation in the health field and that is mostly junior doctors and nurses. In Ghana, the government sometimes fail to pay nurses and new doctors. The situation lowers the morale of children and young adults who are planning on going to these fields. Those fields are supposed to be one of the most prestigious fields in the country but due to their treatment by the government, fewer people are getting interested in those fields and when they do, they look towards different countries in Europe or elsewhere. I believe that is why my subject prefers the American education system to that of her home country. Also, she mostly emphasized on how technology plays a major role in the American education. According to her, there are no laptops or ipads in schools in Guinea, but in America there are laptops, ipads and other technologies to help with school works. Through the interview, you are able to understand the education system in the subjects home country and also most of the countries in Africa. What is a family like in America? Hollywood and most American politicians try to portray a family as a big aspect of the American cultur e, but in this modern American, a family cannot be considered as a big aspect of the American culture? Since the introduction of the automobile to American society, a family has not been a big aspect of the American culture. When the automobile was first introduced to America it promoted a sense of freedom and liberty to the individuals. It gave many people the ability to escape the household and into the social world. As the automobile increased in popularity people began to engage more in social events and family outings became increasingly rare. Family unity was constantly decreasing while social lives thrived and women escaped the household chores. People, mostly men stayed on the road more than they did with their families. Instead of having regular dinners, a family also began to depend on fast food restaurants for dinners. Sitting at the dinner table and having dinner with the family used to be a big thing in the American society but now that is not. When I asked my subject about her family life back in her home country compared to right now, she took a deep breath and told me how much her family life in her country was completely different right now. According to her, back in Guinea, she often spent time with her family; playing games after dinner, talking about how their day went and stuff. But it is different here because her parents are always working and even taking overtime so they could pay their monthly bills. As for her siblings, her older sister does not visit much because of her work schedule makes it difficult for routine family visits. Also, because of after-school activities while in high school, she usually missed family dinner and family meetings. As an immigrant with parents whose American Dream is to just work and be able to provide for the family, I actually understand my subjects situation about her family life in the U.S. because that is how my family life is right now. I remember when I was on the track and field team in high school, most of my events were on the weekends and for two years of being on the team my parents never came to my events. I honestly was not mad at them, I understood the situation. Based on my subjects account on family and my personal account, I will say a family is a huge part of most African countries culture. I mean back home, some family live in their family house and even if they decide to not live in the family house, they get a place that is close to their family members. I personally grew up in a family house that consisted of both my fathers parents, my uncle and his wife and a lot of cousins. I have an uncle, his wife, their children and an aunt living here but I barely see or talk to them due to their busy schedules. While interviewing my subject, she reflected on a situation of her fathers friend who got sick and died. According to her, her fathers friend had no family member in the U.S and when he got sick, he did not want anyone visiting him at the hospital to witness his condition. When he kicked the bucket, they hospital had to cremate his body because there was no family member to claim his body. Reflecting on this account, every immigrant who has family here should be grateful for the existence of their family in this country because it can be indeed tough living in a foreign country without knowing anyone. In todays American society, it is very difficult to believe family is a huge aspect of American culture due to the influence of technological advancement and work. During the interview process, I took a detour to discuss the college life on Gettysburg campus, particularly how race is playing a major role on campus. To understand how race is playing a role on campus, I asked my subject if she had experienced any kind of discrimination or sort. She answered me by telling me about an incident she was involved in a while back. According to her, she was at a social event on campus when a white guy pushed her from behind and just walked past her without saying sorry or anything to her. I do not know if this can be classified as racism or a discrimination, but just a guy who had no manners or just completely abandoned his manners at that moment. I am saying this because my subject later revealed to me that he later apologized for his action but that was after she had slapped him on his back as a reaction to his poor manners. Do I blame her for thinking his act was racial or discriminatory? Not at all, we are living on a campus that the majority of the students here are predominately white. The population on campus might be less diverse but I will not consider that as the major problem because the maj or problem will be the manners and the kind of the environment some of these students were grown. I will say eighty percent of these students here went to prep schools or attended schools that had lesser diversity compared to the college. This may have exposed them to much lesser diversity in their various high schools, while now they have a problem around people from other races now that they in a college that has to accept students from different races to meet their diversity quota. As an individual from a different part of the world with a totally different culture, I could not conclude the interview without asking her about what race is like or was like in Guinea. The first thing she said was I didnt know anything like this until I got to this country. I consider her statement to be true because when you look at the subject of race, it is an American thing. I think Americans have a thing for labels, which ends creating division amongst each other. This is what we are witnessing with race in America, it is creating division amongst its citizens and preventing the growth of th e country. Race is playing a huge role in the American society and this role is not a positive one but a negative one. Guinea is one of the many French-speaking countries in West Africa. The country is culturally diverse with many different languages spoken amongst its citizens. It is easy to learn about a country online but it is totally different when you are actually learning from an individual from that country. Through the interview, I was able to get inside scoop about the country. I was able to obtain knowledge about the countrys education system. Also with information gained from my subject, I was able to understand family value between two countries–Guinea and U. S.A. Between the two countries, the U.S has lost its family values due to technological advancement and spending too much time at work. Family values in America are not the same as it was during the earlier centuries. While family values are on the decline in America, through my subject, I understood that family values are still a strong part of the Guinean society. Also with these two countries, I was able to understand race from two perspectives like how race is not part of the Guinean society but a huge part of the Americans. Overall, the interview provided a depth insight of life in Guinea and America from the same person but different perspective.

A short commentary on Roland Barthes Mother Courage Blind Essays

A short commentary on Roland Barthes Mother Courage Blind Essays A short commentary on Roland Barthes Mother Courage Blind Essay A short commentary on Roland Barthes Mother Courage Blind Essay Essay Topic: Literature There are many men who altered time in creating a different world for everybody else. Some took it for worst, while others changed it for the better. Most of these men were all soldiers of a certain rank or leaders of nations, nonetheless of what they represented or what they done, they all have the same similarities. These men were all leaders. Bertold Brecht was a front-runner of literature, the originator of what we call epic theatre and he was an artistic leader with all of the qualities that was needed to originate this new theatre. Walter Benjamin describes Brechts epic theatre as â€Å"[1]appealing to an interesting group of people who do not think without reason† in his essay [2]â€Å"What is Epic Theatre† in his illuminations. I will use this as the stronghold to my essay on Roland Barthes Mother Courage Blind and how Bertold Brecht influenced him. Brecht sets Mother Courage Blind and Her Children during the thirty years war, a war that went on for thirty years without reason, in many cases without a reason for the people living during the war. A war that the poor and working class lost what they did not see while the higher classes won with their losses. Brecht writes this play during 1939, the time where Fascism and Nazism were on a rise and Nazi occupied Germany had just taken over their neighbors Poland. Brecht being a Marxist himself, I could imagine that he used the setting of this play as a left wing political act against the governments of the time. However one may argue that Brecht was himself a businessman, exploring the environment in his play by targeting the people who would be interested, but I very much doubt this was his intention. Brecht was a man of great culture, creativity and a sense of humor who influenced many of his time and still does now. What Brecht’s implies in this play is how great powers, in this sense the European powers use war as a profit venture. This is one of the main reasons which Mother Courage Blind attracted Roland Barthes. Barthes seemed to love the idea of Brecht displaying this act with his epic theatre and not preaching his thoughts through religion or politics as he states in his essay that Brecht â€Å"unites his crucial intention to a true theatre, so that the proposition’s evidence results not from sermon or argument but from the theatrical act itself† [3]. Barthes suggests that Mother Courage is suffering because she is blind to her own senseless acts, but this is what Bertold Brecht actually wants the audience to think as he later goes on to explain in the essay how â€Å"we are once mother courage and we are those who explain her;†[4]Barthes appreciates how Brecht’s intelligence in his theatre takes a hold of the audience and makes them lost in Mother Courage which then the audience is brought into her blindness without acknowledging the greatness of the theatre which has a enormous impact on the individual in the audience. Even though Brecht’s Mother Courage is an opportunist and a very inspiring character, it does not take much to see that she is simply a product of her environment and that the character is solely playing the part of a victim to make the audience feel for her struggles, which is what I believe Barthes meant by â€Å"we are all once Mother Courage[5]† by Brecht creating this character, it allows the audience to get in and get close with Mother Courage, feeling her emotions and what she is going through. As I have explained before, this play was written in 1939, which means most of the audience had already witnessed the First World War and the Second World War while Brecht was touring Europe. In a way Brecht seems to create this character so the audience could see themselves in Mother Courage and not make the same mistakes as her, because he only allows them to get close enough to judge her and nothing more. I trust if Walter Benjamin was alive to witness Mother Courage Blind and her Children in theatre, and if he were to write a critic’s essay about it, it would be the very similar to Roland Barthes version. The two men had a lot of similarities and I consider that if it was not for the tragic loss of Walter Benjamin, the two would have been very good friends. While reading Barthes Mother Courage I could sense a certain charismatic male. He explains what he see’s as the only way and does not take in account any other opinions and expects for the reader to understand him and only understand his opinion. Barthes seems obsessed with the â€Å"double vision: of the social evil and its remedies[6]† which is seen in Mother Courage Blind and her Children. The social evil the modern day is drugs, alcohol and violence. These are all things that are frowned upon and the remedies to life that change people. The social remedies in Mother Courage Blind are basically the characters blindness. All things could be made better if Mother Courage actually steps back and looks, but what Barthes does not consider while writing his essay is what he would have done if he were himself in Mother Courage’s shoes himself? Throw in the fact that all Mother Courage knows is war, where as the audience obviously knows that there is an end to the thirty years war, she sadly doesn’t. Brecht Mother Courage has a very important quote towards the end of the play â€Å" hope I can pull this wagon by myself. gotta manage. Not much in it, now. Gotta get back in business†[7] this is the scene just after Mother Courage leaves her late daughter to be buried by the peasants. This quote could show that people are in need of psychological and materialistic support as she looses her daughter but her only concern is getting her business back running again which is what I believe Barthes emphasizes on about his social evil. Although it could be argued that this is all she knows and this is all she’s know all her life. Although I see that Brecht is trying to show how the small people, also known as the working class does not have a say in what happens and all they’ve got to do is get on with what ever is thrown at them, Barthes argues this matter and suggest that if people saw their own stupidity, they will realize their mistakes and change for the better. Most of Barthes drama works after this had resemblance to what Bertold Brecht had created with his epic theatre. After the war, Barthes helped establish a magazine called â€Å"theatre populaire† I believe his main intention in this magazine was to assault the commercial drama of his days yet no one had really created theatre that will attack both social and political issues in the same play. But in 1954 Barthes came across Mother Courage Blind and Her Children while Brecht’s Berliner Ensemble was in France. This is where Barthes saw what he had longed to see from his university days after he had founded a theatre group which performed Greek plays. In Brecht he had found a theatre that brings together both Marxism and aesthetics in the same play. This was the start of a critic being unleashed into the world with the influence of a great leader in his own field.

Sociology Applied 4 (Social Class and Stratification) Essay

Sociology Applied 4 (Social Class and Stratification) - Essay Example In the game rules, the lower class also received the least amount of salary. This reflects upon real life where those who fall under the lower class are victims of poor or minimal pay (Walter, 108). During the game, I experienced minimal mobility as a result of playing under the lower class. My social stratum in the game ensured that I remained fixed to the bottom and mostly experience downward mobility. My game experience reflects the real life experience of people who belong to the lower class. People in the lower class have minimal chance of making it in life due to the minimal chances they get presented with in life. For example, in the game, the lower class only gets one chance to throw the die when trying to get out of jail compared to the other classes that to throw two dice or more. This gives a parallel experience by those in lower class in real life who get minimal chance to get out of hardships. Belonging to different classes impacted on the economic and social interactions during the game. The first interaction occurs when taking turns to play the game. The lower class is the last to make a move after the working class. The only interaction between those in the upper class and lower class was economic (Water 96). This took place as the upper class controlled the bank and its functions. The upper class controlled the bank and thus forcing the other classes to rely on him to provide economic services during the game. The conflict/ social conflict theory best explains the overall perspective of the game. The division of the game into classes provides unfair advantages to various participants. The conflict theory distinguishes the society into various classes, which compete for the scarce resources (Walter, 132). This reflects in the game as the participants get classified according to social classes. This theory also states on how the elite control the poor and weak in the society. In the game, the upper class had more ability ad responsibility

Financial management (final exam) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial management (final exam) - Essay Example Therefore, the results of both techniques will be different because of the differences between the assumptions of both techniques. Question 2 Part A a) Project A Years 0 1 2 3 4 Initial Investment (20,000,000) Cash Flows 3,000,000 7,000,000 9,000,000 15,000,000 Discount Factor (8%) 1.0000 0.9259 0.8573 0.7938 0.7350 Discounted Cash Flows (20,000,000) 2,777,778 6,001,372 7,144,490 11,025,448 Net Present Value 6,949,087 Project B Years 0 1 2 3 4 Initial Investment (20,000,000) Cash Flows 10,000,000 8,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 Discount Factor (8%) 1.0000 0.9259 0.8573 0.7938 0.7350 Discounted Cash Flows (20,000,000) 9,259,259 6,858,711 3,969,161 3,675,149 Net Present Value 3,762,280 Based on the above results it can be clearly observed that Project A has generated higher NPV therefore, it should be accepted. b) Project A Profitability Index = PV of Future Cash Flows    Initial Investment    = 26949087/20000000    = 1.35 Project B Profitability Index = PV of Future Cash Flows    Initial Investment    = 14503021/20000000    = 0.73 Since the Profitability Index of Project A is greater than 1, therefore this project should be accepted. c) IRR based on Trial & Error Method Years 0 1 2 3 4 Initial Investment (20,000,000) Cash Flows 3,000,000 7,000,000 9,000,000 15,000,000 Discount Factor (17.5%) 1.0000 0.8511 0.7243 0.6164 0.5246 Discounted Cash Flows (20,000,000) 2,553,191 5,070,167 5,547,904 7,869,367 Net Present Value 1,040,630       Years 0 1 2 3 4 Initial Investment (20,000,000) Cash Flows 3,000,000 7,000,000 9,000,000 15,000,000 Discount Factor (18.5%) 1.0000 0.8439 0.7121 0.6010 0.5071 Discounted Cash Flows (20,000,000) 2,531,646 4,984,956 5,408,632 7,607,078 Net Present Value 532,312       Years 0 1 2 3 4 Initial Investment (20,000,000) Cash Flows 3,000,000 7,000,000 9,000,000 15,000,000 Discount Factor (19.5%) 1.0000 0.8368 0.7003 0.5860 0.4904 Discounted Cash Flows (20,000,000) 2,510,460 4,901,875 5,273,984 7,355,626 Net Present Value 41, 945       Years 0 1 2 3 4 Initial Investment (20,000,000) Cash Flows 3,000,000 7,000,000 9,000,000 15,000,000 Discount Factor (19.58%) 1.0000 0.8362 0.6992 0.5847 0.4889 Discounted Cash Flows (20,000,000) 2,508,629 4,894,727 5,262,453 7,334,191 Net Present Value 0 d) Since the IRR of is 19.58% therefore it should be accepted because it is earning more than the double of the cost of capital of the company. e) Advantages of NPV NPV provides the total benefit in the form of currency amount. NPV is easy to calculate and understand. NPV is an absolute measure and provides the results of the project in isolation. Advantages of IRR IRR provides the answer in percentage form. IRR provides the net excess percentage over cost of capital. IRR is relative measure, which makes it comparable to other projects. Part B Steps in Capital Budgeting Typical steps in the process of capital budgeting are: 1. Brainstorming: the most important step in capital budgeting process is to generate good ideas for investments, which comes from brainstorming. 2. Capital Budget Planning: In this step, the company

Analysis of Migration Patterns in Afghanistan

Analysis of Migration Patterns in Afghanistan Migration in Afghanistan: 1. Introduction Afghanistan is home to the largest refugee crises experienced since the inception of the UNHCR. Decades of war have led millions to flee their homes and seek refuge in the neighboring countries of Pakistan and Iran, and for those who were able, further abroad. The number of refugees spiked in 1990 at 6.2 million. They began to decrease in 1992 with the fall of the government, but began to increase again in 1996 with the rise of the Taliban. In 2002, with the fall of the Taliban and the US-led invasion, record numbers of Afghan refugees returned to Afghanistan. An international reconstruction and development initiative began to aid Afghans in rebuilding their country from decades of war. Reports indicate that change is occurring in Afghanistan, but the progress is slow. The Taliban have regained strength in the second half of this decade and insurgency and instability are rising. Afghanistan continues to be challenged by underdevelopment, lack of infrastructure, few employment opportunities, and widespread poverty. The slow pace of change has led Afghans to continue migrating in order to meet the needs of their families. Today refugee movements no longer characterize the primary source of Afghan migration. Migration in search of livelihoods is the primary reasons for migration and occurs through rural-urban migration in Afghanistan or circular migration patterns as Afghans cross into Pakistan and/or Iran. Afghans utilize their social networks to find low-skilled work in the cities or neighboring countries. The highly skilled in Afghanistan often seek to migrate to Western countries, as the opportunities in Afghanistan are limited. Afghans transnational movements have led to the development of the Afghan Diaspora, which has been essential in providing remittances to families in Afghanistan to meet their daily needs. The Afghan Diaspora has been involved in the reconstruction effort and is a key contributor to development in Afghanistan. The continued engagement of the Diaspora is important to the building of Afghanistans future. This paper seeks to provide an overview of migration and development in Afghanistan. It will begin with a country profile on Afghanistan (Chapter 2), followed by a review of historical migration patterns in Afghanistan (Chapter 3) and a synthesis of current migration patterns in Afghanistan (Chapter 4). The paper will then move to discuss migration and development in Afghanistan (Chapter 5), the Afghan Diaspora (Chapter 6), policies regarding migration in Afghanistan (Chapter 7), and the migration relationship between the Netherlands and Afghanistan (Chapter 8). The paper will conclude with an examination of future migration prospects for Afghanistan (Chapter 9) and a conclusion (Chapter 10). 2. General Country Profile Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world and has been inundated by decades of war, civil strife and poverty. Today, Afghanistan is central in media attention due to the US led invasion post 9/11, however the country has been in turmoil for much longer. This section will provide a brief overview of the recent history of Afghanistan, the current economic situation, the current political situation, a cultural overview, and the current status of women in the country. Historical Overview The modern history of Afghanistan can be divided into four essential periods: pre 1978, 1978-1992, 1992-2001, and post 2001. Pre 1978 Afghanistan was founded in 1774 by Ahmad Shah Durrani who unified the Pashtun tribes in the region and created the state (CIA, 2009). The country was ruled by a monarchy and acted as a buffer between the British and Russian empires until it received independence from conjectural British control in 1919 (CIA, 2009). The last King, Zahir Shah, reigned from 1933 to 1973, when he was overthrown by a coup detat led by his cousin and ex-premier President Mohammed Daoud (Jazayery, 2002). Opposition to Daouds Government lead to a coup in 1978 by the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) (Jazayery, 2002). 1978-1992 Soviet Invasion The PDPA was a Marxist regime and from 1989 was supported by the Soviet Union. This was the first major flow of refugees from Afghanistan. The occupation by the Soviets was viewed in the west as an escalation of the Cold War. The West began to fund millions of dollars, which became billions of dollars, to the resistance forces known as the Mujahideen (Jazayery, 2002). The resistance forces operated primarily from Pakistan. In 1986 when Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union, the Soviets began the process of extraditing themselves from Afghanistan and by 1989 the Soviets had left Afghanistan. 1992-2001 Taliban Rule In 1992 the Mujahideen forces overthrew Najibullahs Government. A failure of consensus of the new Government led to a civil war from 1992-1996 (Jazayery, 2002). Afghanistan became divided into tribal fiefdoms controlled by armed commanders and warlords (Poppelwell, 2007). The country was in a state of anarchy and Afghans lived in a state of constant fear of physical and sexual assault (Poppelwell, 2007). During this time, the Taliban emerged in 1994, claiming that Afghanistan should be ruled by Sharia (Islamic law) (Jazayery, 2002). The Taliban received support and funding from Saudi Arabia and Arab individuals in the quest to establish a pure Islamic model state (Poppelwell, 2007). The Taliban swept through Afghanistan encountering no resistance by the Mujahideen and were welcomed in many areas as they established relative security in the areas they controlled (Jazayery, 2002). By 1998, The Taliban had captured the majority of the country and established the â€Å"Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan† (Jazayery, 2002). A Northern Alliance that arose in opposition to the Taliban maintained a Government of the â€Å"Islamic State of Afghanistan† with Burhanuddin Rabbini as president (Jazayery, 2002). The Taliban Government was only recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, while the Government of Rabbini maintained an officially represented seat at th e UN (Jazayery, 2002). After the bombings of the US Embassys in Kenya and Tanzania the Taliban were asked to stop harboring Osama bin Laden (Poppelwell, 2007). At their refusal, the UN imposed sanctions against the Taliban and Afghanistan in 1999 (Poppelwell, 2007). By this time the Taliban were known for disregarding international law and human rights (Poppelwell, 2007). During this time, killing, pillaging, raping, and ethnic cleansing of individuals occurred across Afghanistan by the Taliban regime (Jazayery, 2002). Post 2001 The events of 9/11 2001 led the US to lead Coalition Forces to invade Afghanistan on 7 October 2007. Within months the military forces had taken control of Afghanistan and declared the fall of the Taliban. The International Security and Assistance Forces (ISAF) in Afghanistan began with 5,000 troops. In 2003, NATO took over the ISAF, which now, due to increased security concerns, is comprised of approximately 50,000 troops coming from all 28 NATO members (NATO, 2009). In December 2001 a UN led interim administration was established under the Bonn Agreement. The Bonn Agreement established a new constitution and the first democratic elections in 2004 (Poppelwell, 2007). Hamid-Karzai, became the leader of a broad based thirty-member ethnic council that aimed to be multi-ethnic and representative of Afghan society (Poppelwell, 2007). The new administration faced many challenges and in 2005 the Taliban began to regain strength in Afghanistan. The increased security challenges led to the London Conference in January 2006 to address the end of the Bonn agreement and the current challenges in Afghanistan. The result of the London Conference was the Afghanistan Compact, which identified a five-year plan for Afghanistan. The Afghanistan Compact is based on three key pillars: â€Å"security, governance, the rule of law and human rights; economic and social development; and the cross-cutting issue of counter-narcotics† (Poppelwell, 2007, p. 8). Western Governments have taken on specific areas as a country lead for areas in which they will focus. The reconstruction process in Afghanistan has been extensive. A total of $14,775,000,000 US dollars has been contributed to the reconstruction process since 2001 (Livingston, Messera, and Shapiro, 2009). Despite the development efforts, insecurity has increased since 2005 with the Taliban regaining strength. The overall situation in Afghanistan continues to be characterized by conflict and poverty. Demographics A census has not been conducted in Afghanistan since prior to the Soviet invasion in 1978. Thus, all demographic information is estimates. In 2009, the CIA World Factbook estimated the population of Afghanistan to be 28.3 million. This was a significant decrease from the previous estimate of 33.6 million. An Afghanistan census is scheduled for 2010. The population growth rate in Afghanistan was estimated by the United Nations to be 3.9 percent 2005-2010 (UN Data, 2009). Economic and Poverty Overview Economic progress in Afghanistan is occurring through the reconstruction effort, however, Afghanistan continues to be one of the least developed and poorest countries in the world. Table 1 provides an overview of key economic and poverty indicators for Afghanistan in 2007. Real GDP growth for 2008-09 decelerated to 2.3 percent from 16.2 percent in 2007-08 (World Bank, 2009). This is the lowest GDP growth has been in the post-Taliban period and was due to poor agricultural production (World Bank, 2009). In 2009, however, growth is expected to increase due to a good agricultural harvest (World Bank, 2009). Table 1: Key Indicators GDP Per Capita (PPP US $) 1,054 Life Expectancy 43.6 Adult Literacy Rate (% aged 15 and above) 28.0 Combined Gross Enrolment Ration in Education 50.1 Human Poverty Index Rank 135.0 Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort) 40.7 Population not using an improved water Source (%) 78.0 Children underweight for age (% under age 5) 39.0 Overseas Development Assistance per Capita (US$) 146.0 Source: UNDP, 2009 The latest poverty assessment in Afghanistan was conducted in 2005 through the National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA). The findings indicate that the poverty rate was 42 percent, corresponding to 12 million people living below the poverty line (Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2009, p. 14). In addition, 20 percent of the population was slightly above the poverty line, suggesting that a small economic shock could place them below the poverty line (Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2009, p. 14). It is evident that widespread poverty continues to be a challenge in Afghanistan. Political Situation In August 2009, Afghanistan held it second democratic elections (World Bank, 2009). The incumbent President Hamid Karzai, was re-elected with 50 percent of the necessary votes, however, since the election there have been over 2,000 fraud allegations lodged with the Electoral Complaints Commission (ECC). The Independent Election Commission announced in October 2009 that its final results indicated less than 50 percent of the votes for Karzai. Thus, a run-off election was scheduled for November between Karzai and the lead opponent. Before the election, however, the opponent withdrew from the race leaving Karzai as President (World Bank, 2009). The United Nations Mission to Afghanistan has continued to coordinate international assistance and support the Afghan government in developing good governance. The key aspects of the UN Mission political mandate include: â€Å"preventing and resolving conflicts; building confidence and promoting national reconciliation; monitoring and advising on the political and human rights situation; investigating and making recommendations relating to human rights violations; maintaining a dialogue with Afghan leaders, political parties, civil society groups, institutions, and representatives of central, regional and provincial authorities; recommending corrective actions; and undertaking good offices when necessary to further the peace process† (UNAMA, 2009). The political situation in Afghanistan continues to be complex. In 2009, Transparency International rated Afghanistan 1.3 on the Global Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International, 2009). This was the second lowest ranking with only Somalia receiving a lower score. This suggests a high lack of trust in the Government of Afghanistan. Culture/ Ethnic Groups Afghanistan is a traditional and conservative society with large ethnic divisions. Table 2 shows the percentage of the population that belongs to the different ethnic groups. Table 2: Ethnic Groups in Afghanistan 1970s 2006 Pashtun 39.4 40.9 Tajik 33.7 37.1 Uzbeck 8 9.2 Hazara 8 9.2 Turkmen 3.3 1.7 Aimak 4.1 0.1 Baloch 1.6 0.5 Other 1.9 1.4 Source: The Asia Foundation, 2006; Encycopedia Iranica, 2009 The Pashtuns have generally been the majority in Afghanistan. They occupy land in the South and the East and are divided amoung tribal lines. The Tajiks are primarily Sunni Muslims who are Persian and occupy the Northeast and West of Afghanistan. The Tajiks are often well educated and landowners. The Uzbecks are descendents from the Turks and are primarily involved in agriculture. The Hazaras are primarily Shiite Muslims who occupy the infertile highlands in central Afghanistan. The Hazaras are subsistence farms that have used migration routes for survival for centuries (Robinson and Lipson, 2002). The vast majority of the population in Afghanistan is Sunni Muslim (87.9 percent). Shiia Muslims account for 10.4 percent of the population and the remaining ethnic groups are negligible in numbers. Shiia Muslims are thus a minority and have faced persecution in Afghanistan. Status of Women Afghanistans GDI (Gender Development Index) value is 0.310, which is 88.1 percent of its Human Development Index (HDI) (UNDP, 2009). The HDI does not account for gender inequality, and the GDI adds this component to the HDI. Afghanistan ranks 155 out of 155 countries measured in the world for its GDI. Indicators, such as literacy, illustrate this; 43.1 percent of adult males are literate, compared to 12.6 percent of adult females (UNDP, 2009). The culture of Afghanistan is a based on traditional gender roles. Traditionally, women are seen as embodying the honour of the family (World Bank, 2005). As such, women are given as brides to create peace, or to honour a relationship. The role of a wife is to maintain the household and support the husband, which includes domestic and sexual services. In general, a wife meets the husbands needs and if the wife does not she has dishonoured her family and community (World Bank, 2005). The legal rights of women in Afghanistan have changed with the political structure. Prior to Taliban rule, the Constitution of Afghanistan guaranteed women equal rights under the law, although local tribes may have had different customs. Under Taliban rule womens rights were severely hindered as they were not permitted to leave their homes unless accompanied by a close male relative, receive education, and had restricted access the health care and employment. Women were frequently raped and abused during this time. With the fall of the Taliban the situation has improved for women, however there are great differences between the rural and urban situation (World Bank, 2005). The Ministry of Womens Affairs (MOWA) was established in the Bonn Agreement to promote the advancement of women in Afghanistan. MOWA works in an advocacy role to ensure that policies are implemented for both men and women. In addition, MOWA works with NGOs to ensure programs for women are implemented. Womens rights remain to be a primary concern in Afghanistan. At present, approximately 60 percent of women are married before the age of 16 (IRIN, 2005). At 44, women in Afghanistan have one of the lowest life expectancies in the world (UNDP, 2009). Women who are widowed are ostracized in rural communities, but are often able to make a living in the cities to support themselves and their families. However, female-headed households tend to be primarily represented in the poorest quintiles of Afghan society (World Bank, 2005). The situation for women in the urban centres such as Kabul is becoming more liberal. Education rates of girls in the urban centres are high than rural areas and these indicators suggest changes are occurring for women in urban areas. Womens rights are high on the international policy agenda for Afghanistan and a key goal of development aid. 3. Historic Overview of Migration Migration in Afghanistan has had a long history and has significantly shaped the countries social and cultural landscape (Monsutti, 2007). Historically, Afghanistan was a country of trade between the east and the west and a key location on the Silk Road trade route. Thus, migration is a part of the historical identity of the country. The following chapter presents an overview of the complex migration patterns, with a historical perspective. Migration Patterns from Afghanistan to Pakistan and Iran Prior to 1978 Migration between Afghanistan and Pakistan and Iran has a long history. The migration relationships are rooted in the ethnic ties that span the borders between the countries. For instance, Pashtuns make up 20 percent of the population in Pakistan and 30 percent in Afghanistan. The Pashtuns are separated by the Pakistan-Afghanistan border, which is referred to as the Durand Line. The Durand Line was established during British colonialism to demarcate British India from Afghanistan, and has been acknowledged to be an arbitrary divide of Pashtun land (Monsutti, 2005). Thus, cross-border migration of the Pashtuns between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been a way of life. Similarly, the Hazaras of Afghanistan are Shiites Muslims, which is the majority religion in Iran (Monsutti, 2005). Hazaras regularly engaged in migration to and from Iran via religious ties. These ethnic and cultural ties led to cross-border migration for decades prior to the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. The poor economic position of Afghanistan prior to 1978 led to further economic migration to the better off states of Pakistan and Iran. Stigter states, â€Å"The economic differences between Afghanistan and Pakistan and Iran have long led Afghans to migrate to these countries to find employment and, for Iran, enjoy the benefits of a higher income† (2006, p. 117). In the 1960s and 1970s industrialization in Afghanistan was minimal and there were limited opportunities for the newly educated and growing rural population (Stigter, 2006). A widespread drought in the 1970s led to large-scale crop failure and further migration of many Afghans from the north and north-western Afghanistan into Iran (Monsutti, 2006). In addition, the oil boom of 1973 caused further increasing numbers of Afghans to cross into Iran and other Middle Eastern countries to capitalize on the labour opportunities (Stigter, 2006). Studies have also confirmed that prior to the war migrants from Northern Afghanis tan travelled to Pakistan during the winter, illustrating that seasonal migration occurred between the two countries (Stigter, 2006 from CSSR, 2005). These pre-established migration movements reveal that social networks were established between Afghanistan and Pakistan and Iran prior to the Soviet Invasion and proceeding wars. Monsutti states that â€Å"Channels of pre-established transnational networks exist between Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran- the movement of individuals to seek work, to escape drought or to flee war has been a common experience in Afghanistan† (Monsutti, 2006, p. 6-7). Thus, it can be deduced that migration to Pakistan and Iran was a natural option for many Afghans. International Migration Post 1978 International migration movements from Afghanistan from 1978 have primarily been comprised of refugee flows. The vast majority of refugees fled to Pakistan and Iran in the largest refugee crises of the late 20th Century. 1 shows the number of Afghan refugees in Pakistan and Iran from 1979-2001. 1 illustrates that refugee outflows from Afghanistan began in 1979 with the Soviet Invasion. The outflows continued to increase during the Soviet occupation when there was civil war between the US funded Mujahideen and the Soviet backed Najibullah. Flows during this time spanned social classes and ethnic groups as the initial reason for migration was primarily protection led. However, reasons of a lack of economic opportunities, devastation of infrastructure and trade networks, limited access to social services such as healthcare and education, and political and social reasons also contributed to migration flows (Stigter, 2006). Migration was thus not only refugee protection, but also the need to make a livelihood (Stigter, 2006). The peak of the refugee flows occurred in 1990 with 6.2 million Afghan refugees. This was after the Soviet withdrawal and when the Najibullah remained in power (Jazayery, 2002, p. 240). In the 1990s drought contributed to continuing refugee flows from Afghanistan (Stigter, 2006). The fall of the Najibullah in 1992 led to large-scale repatriation. However, with the Taliban gaining power in 1996, the number of refugees began to increase again to approximately 3.8 million refugees in 2001. During the initial refugee outflows in 1979 both Pakistan and Iran warmly welcomed the refugees under a banner Muslim solidarity (Monsutti, 2006). Iran is a signatory and Pakistan is not a signatory to the 1951 Convention of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, however both countries welcomed the refugees. In Iran the refugees were given identification cards, allowed access to work, health care, food, free primary and secondary education, and were free to settle where they chose (Monsutti, 2006). Pakistan created an agreement with the United Nations to provide services to the Afghan refugees and received financial support from the international community (Monsutti, 2006). The era of welcoming Afghan refugees began to change in 1989. In Pakistan refugees were still welcomed from 1989-2001, but were not provided with the same level of services and facilitation (Monsutti, 2006). In Iran support also decreased and by the 1990s refugees no longer received identity cards and assistance (Monsutti, 2006). The position of the host countries became increasingly unfriendly post 2001, which will be discussed in the next chapter of this paper. Return Migration The Mujahideen took over the government in 1992 and as a result nearly 2 million refugees returned to Afghanistan. By 1997 an estimated 4 million refugees had returned from Pakistan and Iran (Stigter, 2006). Simultaneously, however, conflicts between rival Mujahideen groups dissuaded many refugees from returning, and created new refugees and IDPs. Internal Migration The primary source of internal migration in Afghanistan was Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). Internally Displaced Persons Internal displacement flows have followed a similar trajectory as refugee flows. The exact number of IDPs is not known and 3 shows estimated number of IDPs in Afghanistan from 1985-2001. Generally those who are internally displaced do not have the means to cross an international border. IDPs in Afghanistan had access to very few services during this period. The UNHCRs capacity in Afghanistan began to increase after 1992 as is illustrated in 3 by the red line. From 1995 the two lines start to converge as the number of IDPs assisted by UNHCR increases and the total number of IDPs decreases. By 2001 the number of IDPs has significantly increased to 1.2 million. The number of IDPs in Afghanistan will be further examined in the next chapter. 4. Current Migration Patterns- 2001- Present Current migration patterns in Afghanistan are complex and multifaceted. Since 2001 Afghanistan has witnessed the largest movement of refugee return in UNHCRs history (Monsutti, 2008). These flows have been a mixture of voluntary and forced return of refugees who had been outside of Afghanistan for varying periods. The majority of returnees are from Pakistan. Afghan refugees have maintained ties with Pakistan and now cross-border labour migration between Afghanistan and Pakistan is increasing. In addition to international flows, the numbers of IDPs have decreased in Afghanistan since 2001 as IDPs return to their regions of origin. Finally, within this picture there are large flows of rural-urban migration as returnees and non-returnees find limited opportunities in rural areas and move to the cities in search of work. All of these flows are occurring simultaneously and present a complex picture of current migration patterns and flows. Each of these areas will be addressed in the follo wing section. Internal Migration Internal migration flows in Afghanistan have been increasing in the post-Taliban period. As refugees and migrants return to Afghanistan they do not necessarily end their migration cycle. Returnees may continue to migrate internally in search of livelihoods and opportunities. The internal migration flows in Afghanistan are comprised of IDPs, rural to urban migration, and trafficking. Internally Displaced Persons Internal displacement in Afghanistan has been understudied and information is limited to availability from the UNHCR. In 2004, the UNHCR conducted a data profiling of IDPs in UNHCR assisted camps and in 2008 the UNHCR created a national profile of IDPs in Afghanistan. Statistics regarding IDPs are estimates[1]. Table 3 shows the number of IDPs and IDP returnees from 2001 to 2008. At the fall of the Taliban in 2001 there were approximately 1.2 million IDPs in Afghanistan, of which many returned spontaneously in 2002 (UNHCR, 2008, p. 6). In 2008, IDP returns were negligible due to continued insecurity, inter-tribal and personal conflict, landlessness and drought, and lack of job opportunities and basic services in rural areas (UNHCR, 2008). Table 3: IDPs Total and Returns: 2001-2008 IDPs IDP Returnees Year Total Assisted Total Assisted 2001 1,200,000 2002 665,200 753,300 2003 184,300 2004 159,500 27,400 2005 143,000 17,000 8,600 2006 129,300 129,300 10,400 10,400 2007 153,700 153,700 8,000 8,000 2008 230,700 230,700 6,500 4,000 Total 2,865,700 513,700 822,600 31,000 Source: UNHCR Global Reports, 2001-2008 Of the current IDPs (235,000) the UNHCR identifies 132,000 as a protracted caseload (2008). Table 4 shows the reasons for displacement of the current IDP population. These numbers do not include those who are invisible IDPs or urban unidentified IDPs. UNHCR estimates that the actual number of IDPs in Afghanistan is substantially larger than the numbers suggest (2008, p. 18). Table 4: Reason for Displacement of Current IDPs (2008) Reason for Displacement No. of Families No. of Individuals Protracted 31,501 166,153 New Drought affected 1,083 6,598 New Conflict Affected 1,749 9,901 Returnees in Displacement 8,737 52,422 Battle-affected 127 759 Total 43,197 235,833 Source: UNHCR, 2008 Since 2007 the return of IDPs has continued to decrease due to increased instability in the country, drought, landlessness, and the spread of conflict and insurgency areas (IDMC, 2008). Disputes are arising between IDPs and locals as in Afghan culture if you are not born in the region you do not belong there (IDMC, 2008). Options for IDPs appear to be limited as they are not welcomed in the regions where they are seeking protection. Rural to Urban Migration Urbanization is rapidly occurring in Afghanistan as returnees settle in the cities and people migrate from rural communities to urban centres. Approximately 30 percent of returnees settle in Kabul (Stigter, 2006). The population of Kabul in 2001 was roughly 500,000 and it had grown to over 3 million by 2007 (IRIN, 2007). The urban centres do not have the infrastructure or resources to meet the needs of the large inflows of migrants, however, research suggest that the difficult situations in the cities are better than rural areas. In 2005 the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit conducted a study on rural to urban migration (Opel, 2005). A total of 500 migrants were interviewed in the cities of Kabul, Herat, and Jalalabad. The majority of migrants were male (89 percent) and the average age of migrants was 31 years (p. 4). Males tend to migrate to support their families, and females migrate when they have lost their husbands or have been ostracized by their community and have no means of supporting themselves in rural areas. The majority did not own productive assets in their village (71.2 percent), although 43 percent owned a house in their village (p. 8). The primary reasons for migration were the lack or work in the village and better opportunities in town (42%), followed by lack of work in the village (38.2%) and insecurity (16.3%) (p. 11). The majority of migrants made the journey on their own (70.7%) and paid for the journey from their savings (p.14). Migration to urban areas is expensive and the poor est of the poor cannot afford the journey. Once in the cities, the majority were employed in low skilled day labour work and on average respondents reported working 16 out of the past 30 days (p. 20). Social networks were essential in people finding work as 89 percent of skilled workers and 60 percent of unskilled workers reported receiving assistance from a relative, friend or neighbour (p. 20). Incomes in the cities were low, but were higher than what individuals could earn in the rural areas. The majority of urban migrants remitted money to their family in rural areas, which they carried with them when they returned or sent through family or friends. None of the urban migrants use the Hawala (see Chapter 6) system, which was reported to be too expensive for them. The majority of migrants reported planning to settle in the city (55%) (p. 26). Overall, the majority did improve their economic situation through migration (61.9% for males and 80.9% for females) (p. 27). The large-scale migration to urban centers appears to be a trend that will continue. It is estimated that urban centers are now accounting for 30 percent of the population in Afghanistan (Opel, 2005). The rapid urbanization has shifted rural poverty to urban poverty (Stigter, 2006) and many challenges remain for the cities in managing the rapid growth. National Trafficking In 2003 the IOM in Afghanistan conducted a study on trafficking of Afghan women and children. Research on trafficking in Afghanistan is difficult due to the lack of data inherent in all areas of Afghanistan, but increasingly so due to the fear of reporting trafficking related crimes and the shame associated with such

Somalia Essay -- Somalian History, Imperialism

From Tranquility to Turmoil: Imperialism in Somalia No force has had a greater impact on modern nations and their cultures than imperialism. Imperialism is a policy of extending a nation’s rule over foreign areas by acquiring and holding colonies. During the nineteenth century in particular, imperialism became a trend among wealthy European nations such as Great Britain, France, and Italy, as countries competed to gain resources and expand their empires. In enforcing these policies, imperial powers spread numerous effects over the span of the globe. The question is, were the effects of imperialism beneficial or detrimental to the colonized nations? For the nation of Somalia, it is clear that imperialism was nothing but a perversion of justice, as their bloody post-independence history in particular shows when compared with the peace that existed pre-imperialism. The British and Italian imperial policies proved destructive to the nation of Somalia, as shown by the current absence of governmental stability, lack of economic prosp erity, and increasing ethnic conflict. Governmental stability is a key component of evidence that imperialism was detrimental to Somalia. Before imperialism, Somalia operated as an Arab sultanate. Society was divided into clans, each ruled by a sultan. The government was not unified under one body but it was functional and there has been no history of dissatisfaction prior to imperialism. In 1886, Britain made a treaty with the Sultan of Tajura and captured northern Somalia while Italy gained control of the southern portion by making a treaty with the Sultan of Hobyo (â€Å"Background Note† 1). Both British and Italian Somaliland, the resulting colonies, were protectorates (â€Å"Italian Somaliland† 2). The protect... ...o be extinguished. So from the perspective of ethnic conflict, too, it is clear that imperialism brought Somalia from better to worse. Historians will, until the end of time, continue to debate over whether imperialism caused more benefit or harm to the world as a whole. In the case of Somalia, though, there is no question as to the immense harm imperialism caused. Imperialism resulted in governmental instability and corruption, an equally unstable economy thrown off balance by imperial rule, and incessant ethnic conflict with Ethiopia and Kenya. Britain and Italy took advantage of a weaker country for their own economic and nationalistic benefits, and then left it under the pretense of preparing it to be more modern politically and economically, when really all they did was derail an innocent nation, and leave it alone to glue its shattered remains together.

Cultural Characteristics of India Essay

With more than half of the workforce being in agriculture, services however, is the biggest contributing factor the economic growth in India. The information technology (IT) sector is where most of the growth is taking place. Many companies in the United States are beginning to outsource their help desk and programming specialties to India where the labor is cheaper and there are an abundance of qualified individuals. In-fact many of the positions you see in IT are filled by people native to India simply because training for these specialties is limited in the U. S. For example, if you were looking to hire an Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) developer it is highly unlikely that you will find a U. S. citizen with these skill sets, and if you did the U. S. candidate would certainly be demanding more money. India’s ability to train highly qualified IT professionals and ability to provide cheaper labor will continue to contribute to their increase in economic growth. Ultimately, it is those cultural characteristics we have discussed in class that has led India to so much growth over the last decade. They are a collectivist society, with a large power distance and a different set of value orientations from our own. Higher education is of upmost importance, and often times, much more important than interpersonal relationships. This is evident of the fact that they place so much importance on one’s education and its correlation to family status when selecting a bride/groom in an arranged marriage. India is considered a large power distance culture because there is a clear hierarchy within the family, â€Å"the father rules authoritatively, followed by the eldest son and moving down the ladder by age and sex† (Neuliep, 2009. 9). Within the Indian culture the children are expected to be obedient and many Indian children feel that their parents really don’t understand what it is like to grow up in today’s diverse society. Indian parents constantly expect their children to go to the right schools, only converse with people who share the same cultural backgro unds and to marry within their own race and religion. There are many different religions in India which include: Muslim, Hindu, Christian and Sikh. In India, even though you may share the same ethnicity if you do not share the same religious beliefs, marriage is forbidden. In my research I have come across a common theme within the Indian culture, and that is that Indian parent’s love to gossip about everything; they constantly discuss who got into what school, and who is getting married to whom. It’s not to say that Indian parents don’t want what’s best for their children because they do. In the article Indian Parents and Societal Pressure the author Arti Nehru states, â€Å"The really sad part about all of this is that parents truly want their children to be happy. But they are unsupportive in many instances because they worry about ne thing: What will people say? † The Indian culture is more of a collectivist culture who has the tendency to stress the importance of a group over the importance of the individual. Neuliep confirms that, â€Å"In collectivist cultures, people are not seen as isolated individuals. People see themselves as interdependent with others their (e. g. , their ingroup), where responsibility is shared and accountability is collective. A person’s identity is defined by his or her group memberships† (Neuliep, 2009. Pg. 41). Most of their values come from their traditional beliefs, their religious devotion and their secular spirituality. It is these value orientations that shape the way the Indian culture communicates with individuals in their own culture as well as with individuals outside of their culture. Values can affect the way people communicate within their own culture and with people of different cultures. They are â€Å"evaluative beliefs that synthesize affective and cognitive elements to orient people to the world in which they live† (Mooney, 2001, 2828). The value orientation model is used to compare high-context cultures such as the Indian collectivist culture with low-context individualistic cultures such as the United States. It can be broken down into six different categories: self, family, society, human nature, nature, and supernatural. In a collectivist culture such as the Indian culture â€Å"self† refers to how one may view themselves in relationship to others, and can further be broken down into three different sub-categories: self-identity, age, and activity. In India self-identity would suggest that people value conformity and cooperation. In India people are â€Å"interdependent with others, and for them, responsibility and accountability are shared and divided among the group members. † (Neulip, 2009, 63-64). Age for a collectivist, high-context culture is admired when they are old and conversely, in an individualistic, low-context culture, age is admired when they are young. In a collectivist culture like India the people tend be very spiritual and believe that people should embrace life. The activity one performs on a daily basis is of less importance in a country like India. Whereas in the United States, activity ften refers to how people identify themselves through their activities such as their professions and occupations. Often times when Americans are asked who they are, they will answer with what they do for a living; indicating that they tend to associate who they are, with what they do. Family within a collectivist culture such as India tends to be more authoritative in nature. The â€Å"head of the household† will make the decisions rather than having everyone work together as a democracy when making decisions. In India, families are less mobile, and will always attempt to sit down together when eating dinner. There is often a strict hierarchy that is followed among family members with the man of the house being at the top. The men and women in Indian families have very different roles within the family, which coincide with one’s hierarchal power. The male of the house makes the decisions, provides for the family and the women often times make the meals at night and take care of the children. In Indi,a family is a very important concept and marriage is considered to be sacred and is meant to last a life time. The term â€Å"society† in India can be broken down into two categories: social reciprocity and group membership. According to Neuliep â€Å"social reciprocity refers to the mutual exchanges people make in their dealings with others† (65). In collectivist cultures like India, if one asks another for a favor it is expected that an equal exchange of favors will occur. In India, group membership is often a pervasive formality; they have a tendency to join only a few different groups over a life-time. In the United States membership in a group is usually short lived, whereas in India people are highly selective and group membership is usually a prolonged commitment. This idea of a prolonged commitment to a group stems from those same cultural values that marriage does. In India, they practice arranged marriages and it is considered a lifelong commitment that is viewed as sacred. What may seem strange to the youth in the United States is actually embraced by youth in India. Many children in India feel that it gives them the ability to focus on their youth, and their education without the distraction or worry that an adolescence relationship can bring to the picture. It is also said that the youth in India â€Å"feel secure in their parent’s ability to choose an acceptable partner for them, trusting that their parents have enough experience and knowledge to do so without creating a disastrous situation† (Galt, 2011, 2). Many cultures like India believe that when marriages are not pre-arranged they tend to burn out too quickly. They believe it is because the two people have already gotten to know each other, rather than spending a life-time together after marriage getting to know each other. Marrying a person you don’t know gives one a lifetime to learn to love them, as opposed to the American ideal of learning a person inside and out before entering into marriage† (Galt, 2011, 3). In the United States, many believe that the idea of an arranged marriage is something that is forced upon the two getting married. This however isn’t true, in India before a marriage can become official the bride and groom are afforded the opportunity to meet each other to decide if they would like to go forward with the marriage. You might be surprised to hear that any rejection to a proposed marriage rarely occurs, and more often than not the proposed bride and groom will go through with the wedding as planned. This is because the parents of the bride and groom do their due-diligence and will often times spend years looking for a suitable bride or groom. They spend countless hours meeting with the families and friends, â€Å"considering hundreds of different aspects and comparison points before the potential bride and groom ever meet each other† (Galt, 2011, 6). In many ways the Indian culture is different than our own, we have the tendency to be more of an individualistic culture while they tend be more collectivist. We are considered a low-context culture, while India is considered a high-context culture. We value or independence and look out for our own self-interests over that of the group. In India, they value the group over the individual and believe that if one fails, they all fail. Even though we may differ culturally we are still similar in many ways, the biggest being our level of diversity; we are both comprised of many different values, ethnicities, and religious beliefs.